How Are Fuel Cells Different From Batteries?
Hydrogen fuel cells and batteries may seem similar, but they operate very differently under the surface. A fuel cell converts available fuel — in this case, hydrogen — into energy. In contrast, a battery stores it for future use.
Neither hydrogen fuel cells nor electric batteries produce any harmful emissions. Hydrogen fuel cells only emit water vapor and heat. That makes them a great choice for meeting the world’s growing energy needs.
Where Does Hydrogen Fuel Come From?
Hydrogen may be the world’s most abundant element, but it doesn’t occur naturally in its elemental form. It’s usually bonded to others to form complex substances like water or methane. Scientists have to isolate hydrogen to use it as fuel.
The cheapest method for producing hydrogen fuel is called steam methane reforming (SMR). Scientists heat methane in the presence of steam and a nickel catalyst, breaking it up into carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The carbon monoxide undergoes a further reaction to obtain even more hydrogen, generating carbon dioxide.
SMR and other fossil fuel methods for producing hydrogen release a lot of greenhouse gases in the process. Thankfully, another type of hydrogen production, electrolysis, uses electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen without producing emissions. Hydrogen becomes a very clean fuel source when solar or wind power generates the electricity for this process. The resulting fuel is called green hydrogen, indicating no fossil fuels were used.
Green hydrogen
accounts for less than 1%
of worldwide hydrogen production. Over 99% of hydrogen is gray or blue, meaning it releases emissions directly into the atmosphere or manufacturers bury them in the ground. Hydrogen isn’t perfect, but it’s well on its way to becoming a more sustainable fuel source.
Will Fuel Cells Be Able to Power Homes?
Fuel-cell-powered houses could become common down the line. Around
50% of home energy costs
go toward HVAC expenditures, while appliances, lighting, electronics and hot water account for the rest. Fuel cells are more efficient at electricity generation than combustion-based power plants. That could translate to lower electric bills for homeowners.
As of 2023, producing hydrogen for fuel cells is much more expensive than installing solar panels or wind turbines. Therefore, it isn’t common to use fuel cells to power buildings. However, as the infrastructure for generating hydrogen expands, the cost of hydrogen fuel should decrease and make residential fuel cells more affordable.
Will Hydrogen Vehicles Ever Be Commonplace?
Hydrogen doesn’t offer many advantages over batteries in passenger cars, which is why these vehicles are so uncommon. A hydrogen fuel cell automobile can travel
up to 400 miles
per tank under normal driving conditions, but there’s currently no infrastructure for refueling them like there is for recharging EVs. Hydrogen fuel is also expensive — few consumers can afford to power these vehicles.
However, many auto manufacturers are interested in designing hydrogen-powered trucks, buses and planes. People want to decarbonize the transportation sector, but large vehicles are poor candidates for electrification.
Bigger vehicles need bigger batteries. Some would need such big ones that they’d be too heavy to operate. For example, to get a commercial electric plane off the ground, you’d need a battery weightier than the airplane.
Hydrogen fuel is lightweight, so it’s a more practical alternative to using electric batteries. Fuel-cell-based heavy equipment — like garbage trucks, construction equipment and buses — will likely be common in the future.
Hydrogen Fuel Is Gaining Ground
Fuel cell technology may not be widespread, but there’s a reason so many people are discussing it. Hydrogen offers an efficient, lightweight, climate-friendly alternative to batteries and fossil fuels, and the technology for generating it is becoming more refined. It won’t be long before you can catch a hydrogen-powered bus to work.